The Atlantic Slave Trade Contributed by Prof. Dr. Nazeer Ahmed, PhD It is ironic that what started as a religious Crusade ended up in the enslavement of a continent. The cruel and inhuman Atlantic slave trade was a culmination of religious, political and social developments in Western Europe and North Africa. The literature on this subject is vast and has been extensively analyzed both...

A divided Islamic world offered feeble resistance to the Crusaders who consolidated their hold on the eastern Mediterranean and imposed their fiefdoms on the region. The Seljuks, preoccupied with defending their eastern flank against the Afghan Ghaznavids, had thinned out their western defenses. The pagan Turkish tribes across the Amu Darya on the northeastern frontiers were a constant menace....

Eid ul-Fitr, often simply called Eid, is one of the most important festivals in the Islamic calendar. Eid ul-Fitr marks the end of Ramadan, the holy month of fasting. For Muslims, it is a time of great religious and social celebration.The date of Eid is set by the visual sighting of the new moon and so may fall on different Gregorian calendar dates each year. However, it always occurs on the...