A divided Islamic world offered feeble resistance to the Crusaders who consolidated their hold on the eastern Mediterranean and imposed their fiefdoms on the region. The Seljuks, preoccupied with defending their eastern flank against the Afghan Ghaznavids, had thinned out their western defenses. The pagan Turkish tribes across the Amu Darya on the northeastern frontiers were a constant menace....

Instagram keeps content creators and users hooked with visually compelling stories, reels, and videos. However, downloading those videos directly remains impossible through the app. That’s where the Instagram Video Downloader tool by ToolDL steps in to simplify this need. Why an Instagram Video Downloader Tool Makes Sense in 2025 Instagram reels and stories continue to gain...

History is not created with a big bang. It moves in subtle, almost imperceptible steps in which all men and women participate. It is an edifice on which the action of every human, no matter how humble, has left its imprint. Great events do occur, but they merely mark the milestones in the continuing unfolding of history. In recreating the critical moments in Islamic history that have molded...