Introduction:In a world teeming with trials and tribulations, the Islamic virtues of sabr (patience) and forgiveness stand as beacons of hope, guiding individuals toward a life of peace and fulfillment. As Muslims, we are encouraged to embody these qualities in our daily lives, not only as a means of self-improvement but as a way to foster harmony within our communities. Through sabr and...

The Fatimid conquest of Egypt (969) was a defining moment in Islamic history. It destroyed any semblance of central authority in the Muslim world, provoked the reaction of the Turks as defenders of orthodox (Sunni) Islam, impelled the Omayyads in Spain to declare their own Caliphate, launched the powerful Murabitun revolution in western Africa, denied the Muslims their last chance to conquer...

The Destruction of Timbaktu Contributed by Prof. Dr. Nazeer Ahmed, PhD The ransom received by Ahmed al Mansur al Sa’adi from the Portuguese at the Battle of al Qasr al Kabir (1578) provided him only temporary financial relief. The traditional sources of income for the emir, namely trade and agriculture, were increasingly out of his reach. In the north, the Mediterranean trade was...