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Stephen (Musa) Oseana @Musa σε πρόσθεσε στο in Literature
2024-07-09 13:57:48 ·

Salahuddin (Saladin) and the Battle of Hittin Contributed by Prof. Dr. Nazeer Ahmed, PhD

A divided Islamic world offered feeble resistance to the Crusaders who consolidated their hold on the eastern Mediterranean and imposed their fiefdoms on the region. The Seljuks, preoccupied with defending their eastern flank against the Afghan Ghaznavids, had thinned out their western defenses. The pagan Turkish tribes across the Amu Darya on the northeastern frontiers were a constant menace....

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Stephen (Musa) Oseana @Musa σε πρόσθεσε στο in Literature
2024-07-09 14:05:48 ·

The Conquest of Delhi - Contributed by Prof. Dr. Nazeer Ahmed, PhD

For a brief moment, towards the end of the 12th century, the Muslim world was politically united under one caliph ruling from Baghdad. This political unity, rare in Islamic history, projected itself on the military plane. In West Asia, the Crusaders were ejected from Palestine, Lebanon and Syria. Salahuddin recaptured Jerusalem in 1187. Four years later, in 1191, Muhammed Ghori of Ghazna...

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Stephen (Musa) Oseana @Musa σε πρόσθεσε στο in Literature
2024-07-09 14:08:08 ·

Constantinople – the Sack of 1204 the Fourth Crusade Contributed by Prof. Dr. Nazeer Ahmed, PhD

Civilizations change when the paradigms that govern them change. Humans relate to themselves and to each other through transcendental values firmly imbedded in basic frameworks. These values define how a society looks upon itself, how it interacts with other societies and its place in history. For instance, in the Middle Ages, most people believed that the earth was flat. The paradigm of a flat...

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Stephen (Musa) Oseana @Musa σε πρόσθεσε στο in Literature
2024-07-09 14:10:33 ·

The Origins of the Ottoman Empire Contributed by Prof. Dr. Nazeer Ahmed, PhD

The origins of the Ottoman Empire are to be found in a combination of Turkish asabiyah and the Islamic spirit of ghazza (meaning, struggle in the cause of God). Asabiyah, a term used by Ibn Khaldun to denote tribal cohesion, is the force that holds together tribes through bonds of blood, a characteristic found in abundance among peoples of the desert and the nomads of...

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Stephen (Musa) Oseana @Musa σε πρόσθεσε στο in Literature
2024-07-09 14:11:58 ·

The Fatimids in Egypt Contributed by Prof. Dr. Nazeer Ahmed, PhD

The Fatimid conquest of Egypt (969) was a defining moment in Islamic history. It destroyed any semblance of central authority in the Muslim world, provoked the reaction of the Turks as defenders of orthodox (Sunni) Islam, impelled the Omayyads in Spain to declare their own Caliphate, launched the powerful Murabitun revolution in western Africa, denied the Muslims their last chance to conquer...

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Stephen (Musa) Oseana @Musa σε πρόσθεσε στο in Literature
2024-07-09 14:19:09 ·

Abdur Rahman III of Spain Contributed by Prof. Dr. Nazeer Ahmed, PhD

Three men of giant stature dominated Islamic history in the 10th century. These were Abdur Rahman III of Spain, Muiz of Egypt and Mahmud of Ghazna. The first two determined the flow of historical events in the Mediterranean region, whereas Mahmud of Ghazna had a decisive impact on Central Asia and the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent. Abdur Rahman III was the ablest and most accomplished of the...

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Stephen (Musa) Oseana @Musa σε πρόσθεσε στο in Literature
2024-07-09 14:24:39 ·

The Murabitun in the Maghreb Contributed by Prof. Dr. Nazeer Ahmed, PhD

The Murabitun revolution was one of the few genuine mass movements in Islamic history. Growing out of the womb of Africa, it engulfed two continents and played a decisive role in historical developments in Africa and Spain alike. As a mass movement, European as well as Muslim scholars have studied it extensively. Ibn Khaldun used it as a basis for his theory of the rise and fall of...

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Stephen (Musa) Oseana @Musa σε πρόσθεσε στο in Literature
2024-07-09 14:28:20 ·

The Fall of Cordoba Contributed by Prof. Dr. Nazeer Ahmed, PhD

The word “Crusades” immediately conjures up among Muslims visions of Jerusalem and Salahuddin. While Jerusalem was indeed the focus of the First Crusade, a broader view of this civilizational confrontation between medieval Christianity and Islam must include the events in Spain and North Africa. While the Muslims did hold their own in West Asia and recovered Jerusalem, Medieval...

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Stephen (Musa) Oseana @Musa σε πρόσθεσε στο in Literature
2024-07-09 14:30:50 ·

The Fall of Granada - Contributed by Prof. Dr. Nazeer Ahmed, PhD

It is said among Muslims that the hills of El Pujarra around Granada still weep for the sound of the adhan every morning and the mosque of Cordoba stays awake all night waiting for the sajda of a single momin. To this day Andalus evokes among Muslims nostalgia for a golden age when it resonated with the sound of prayer every morning and the name of Prophet Muhammed (p)...

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Stephen (Musa) Oseana @Musa σε πρόσθεσε στο in Literature
2024-07-09 14:40:15 ·

Islam in Persia Contributed by Prof. Dr. Nazeer Ahmed, PhD

Pivotal as Persia was in the political developments of Muslim Asia, its primary contribution was to preserve, reinvigorate and transmit the spiritual legacy of Islam through its language, art and architecture. While the Arabs provided the ideational foundation of the edifice of Islam, it was the Persians who adorned it with beauty and embellished it with spirituality. The primary medium for...

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